Born in Castine, 1839年嫁给希尔瓦纳斯·基德·厄普姆和玛丽安·布鲁克斯·厄普姆, Margaret Barker "Bertha" Upham Wright was a twice-widowed mother of two and no stranger to wage work herself when she drafted this article at the dawn of the twentieth century. As a younger woman, she had married twice—both times to men who died early in the marriage—and had one child with each husband. 她的第二任丈夫死后，她没有再婚, working as a journalist to support the family and contributing to many publications including Art Amateur, The Atlantic, Century Magazine, The Chautauquan, Lippincott's, The Outland Monthly, Scribner's, and Temple Bar. 她也是《og体育平台》的编辑人员 Cambridge Tribune (Cambridge, Massachusetts). She traveled extensively in Europe with her adult children and the sole book she published was a travel memoir, 租用家具:在英国做一些经济的家务冒险 (Robert Brothers, 1897), dedicated to her "beloved companion of these hirings"—her son Charles. 支持妇女选举权的人, 1919年，赖特死于心脏病, aged eighty, 在她自己能够行使她新赢得的投票权之前.

Who Were Wright's Women?

Wright's examples of women working draw from a jumble of occupations but overall share middle or upper-middle-class status. 这幅画中提到的十二位女性中的一位, four are ministers, two architects, one a lawyer, one a publisher, 一个是药剂师——所有的职业都需要专门的培训. Of the remaining four, two are business owners, one is a riverboat pilot, and one works in city government. 这是美国女性“做事”的集体写照, then, 一位杰出的女性在当时被认为是男性的职业吗. 这些例子很可能都是白人, 他们都不在工厂工作, in domestic service, as shop girls or secretaries. 12人中有11人是当时新闻报道的对象, suggesting that Wright compiled most of her examples from existing print sources rather than boots-on-the-ground research. 按照赖特草稿中列出的顺序，这些女性是:

Sophia Brauenlich (1854-1898). Brauenlich's obituary in 工程与采矿学报 (1898年8月20日)，将她描述为“身体虚弱的家庭”中的“非凡的心灵”." In her forty-four years of life, Brauenlich was educated in Germany, married and widowed, 曾就读于帕卡德商学院, 被科学出版公司聘为文员. 在公司里，她一步步升为业务经理，现在是, as Wright notes, 她是第一位当选为伦敦帝国学院院士的美国女性.

Lydia Sexton (1799-1894). Sexton served as both an unlicensed and formally licensed minister with the United Brethren Church in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Kansas. At the age of seventy she became the first woman to serve as a prison chaplain at Kansas State Prison.

安托瓦内特·布朗·布莱克威尔(1825-1921). Blackwell was a graduate of Oberlin College and ordained in 1853 when she was called to serve as minister of a Congregational church in South Butler, New York; she later became a Unitarian. She was active in the abolition, temperance, and women's rights movements, 为选举权期刊撰稿 The Woman's Journal 由她的姐夫亨利·布莱克威尔和他的妻子露西·斯通出版.

Augusta J. Chapin (1836-1905). 查宾在青春期教书，并在奥利弗学院学习了两年. She earned her A.M. 在密歇根大学获得学位，并获得博士学位.D. at Lombard University; she was ordained as a Universalist minister. She was one of the directors of the World's Congress of Religions at the 1868 World's Fair in Chicago as well as a writer and lecturer. Her obituary in The Universalist Register (1906)将她称为“妇女选举权的捍卫者”," a traveler and tour guide, 以及“索罗西斯活跃而杰出的成员”," a club for professional women.

Alice Kinney Wright (1870-1949). Another Universalist minister, Wright was a graduate of Canton Theological School at St. Lawrence University and was ordained alongside her first husband, Alfred Ellsworth Wright, in 1891. They served as co-pastors of the Church of the Reconciliation and Fifth Universalist Church, both in Brooklyn, New York. 他们于1903年离婚，爱丽丝从牧师岗位上退休. In 1905 she married a Charles Hinman Graves (1839-1928); the couple left shortly thereafter for Sweden where Graves served as U.S. Ambassador from 1905 to 1913.

Elise Mercur (1868-1947). Mercur是宾夕法尼亚州匹兹堡的一名建筑师. Educated in France and Germany as well as at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts she designed and supervised construction of a number of buildings including the Woman's Building at the Cotton States & 国际博览会(亚特兰大，佐治亚州)在1895年，Y.W.C.A. building in Syracuse, New York, 马歇尔西市家庭医院的儿童大楼, Pennsylvania and St. 匹兹堡的保罗圣公会教堂. At age thirty-four she married Karl Rudolph Wagner (1872–1949) and the couple had three children.

Juliet Harger. Harger lived with her husband, Captain George Harger, 在麦基岩的俄亥俄河岸边, Pennsylvania. 1898年，当她申请自己的飞行员执照时，她成了新闻人物. 而检查员一开始“发现了很多值得批评的地方,包括她“太年轻” ... 太娇小，太温柔，太优雅，太淑女， ... too much lacking on the whole of what one expects to see in the appearance of a boat's pilot," he reluctantly admitted that she had the requisite skill and granted her the license. According to a story in the New York Journal and Advertiser (9 August 1898), "Mrs. Harger's chief interest was not the passengers, not the scenery, but in the pilot and engine rooms...她渴望在土木工程方面提高自己的知识."

A.E. Paul (1843? - 1912). A. Emogene Paul似乎是伊利诺伊州人, 从1863年到1890年结婚，当时她要么丧偶，要么离婚. She had two children. 市教团的成员, a citizen's group seeking to improve the sanitary conditions of Chicago's public spaces, Paul moved into a formal position with the Chicago Health Department overseeing street cleaning and garbage collection. A contemporary report in The American Kitchen (February 1898) suggests she was motivated in her work by the death of one of her children from diptheria.

Laura C. Bush. Registered as a pharmacist in 1892, 布什最终“接管了以前由她父亲经营的药房”, Martin L. Bush" (Merck's Report vol. 6, 1898). 药剂师通函及化学宪报 (1898年12月)指出，“劳拉C. 芝加哥罗杰斯公园的布什报告说，过去一个月生意有所改善. Miss Bush has been in business since 1892 and was formerly connected with the city dispensary. 她的商店是一家现代化的商店，她与时俱进."

Marian Cecilia Tirrell. In 1880, Tirrell became the first female graduate of the Chicago College of Pharmacy and also served as treasurer of the Women Pharmaceutical Association of Illinois. The Pharmaceutical Era (February 1912) reported that "Mr. and Mrs. 蒂勒尔从事毒品生意多年, illustrating well the success that may come through combined effort and united interest." Celia and her husband Charles Tirrell are listed side-by-side in the Cook County list of registered pharmacists for the year 1913.

Annie Kline Rickert (1840-1906). 他出生在密西西比州一个拥有棉花种植园的家庭, Rickert served as a spy for the Confederacy during the Civil War and was briefly arrested by the Union Army. Following the war she settled in California where she worked mining silver and then eventually incorporated the Stockton and Tuolumne County Railroad Company.

A.J. Atwood. According to a story published in Every Week (15 May 1916), Mrs. A. J. Atwood was widowed in 1894 with a daughter to support and was encouraged to open an employment agency for itinerant laborers. The business eventually expanded to a chain of offices and Atwood's daughter eventually joined her in the family business. "It would appear,《og体育平台》记者评论道, "that this business of fitting a man in the right niche is one of the most important in the modern system of efficiency."

Rosalie Loew Whitney (1873-1939). 惠特尼出生于纽约，父母是移民, 曾就读于亨特学院和纽约大学, 获得律师资格后，她加入了父亲的律师事务所，成为合伙人. She joined the New York Legal Aid Society in 1897 and in 1901 became the Society's acting attorney in chief—the first woman to hold the position. 她认识了她的丈夫特拉维斯·惠特尼(Travis Whitney)，当时他是该组织的志愿者. After their marriage in 1903 the couple continued to practice law and both enjoyed long careers in public office.